| Straßenbahn Berlin | |||
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"Flexity Berlin" under test in September 2008 |
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| Info | |||
| Locale | Berlin, Germany | ||
| Transit type | Tram | ||
| Number of lines | 22 (+2 suburban lines) | ||
| Operation | |||
| Began operation | 1865 | ||
| Operator(s) | BVG | ||
| Technical | |||
| Track gauge | 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) (standard gauge) | ||
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The Berlin tram network (German: Straßenbahn Berlin) is the main tram system in Berlin, Germany. It is one of the oldest tram networks in the world having its origins in 1865 and is operated by Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe (BVG), which was founded in 1929. It is notable for being one of the largest tram systems; there are 22 tram lines operate across a standard gauge network with 382 stops and measuring 191.6 kilometres in length. Nine of the lines are operated 24 hours per day, identified with the letter 'M' before their number.
Almost all of the remaining network is within the confines of the former East Berlin—tram lines within West Berlin having been replaced by buses during the division of Berlin (first extension into West Berlin opened in 1994 on today's M13). In the eastern vicinity of the city there are also three private tram lines not part of the main system, whilst to the south-west of Berlin is the Potsdam tram system with its own network of lines.
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In 1865, a horse tramway was established in Berlin. In 1881, the world's first electric tram line opened. Numerous private and municipal operating companies constructed new routes. So at the end of the 19th century the network developed quite rapidly and the horse trams were changed into electric ones. By 1930, the network had a route-length of over 630 km with more than 90 lines. In 1929, all operating companies were unified into the BVG. After World War II, BVG was divided into an eastern and a western company, but was once again reunited in 1992, after the fall of the GDR. In West Berlin, by 1967 all tram lines had been shut down. With the exception of two lines constructed after the German reunion, the Berlin tram continues to be limited to the eastern portion of Berlin.
The public transport system of Berlin is the oldest one in Germany. In 1847, the first public line opened: The Concessionierte Berliner Omnibus Compagnie (Concessed Berlin Bus Company) operated the first horse-bus line of the city, beginning service on the 1st of January. The growing market experienced the launch of numerous additional companies, with 36 bus companies in Berlin by 1864.
On June 22, 1865, the opening of Berlin's first horse tramway marked the beginning of the age of trams in Germany, spanning from Brandenburger Tor along today's Straße des 17. Juni (17 June-Road) to Charlottenburg. Two months later, on the 28th of August, it was extended along Dorotheenstraße to Kupfergraben near today's Museumsinsel (Museum Island), a terminal stop which is still in service today. Like the horse-bus, many companies followed the new development and built horse-tram networks in all parts of the today's urban area. In 1873, a route from Rosenthaler Platz to the Gesundbrunnen (Health well) was opened, to be operated by the new Große Berliner Pferde-Eisenbahn (Great Berlin Horse Tram) which would later become the dominating company in Berlin under the name of Große Berliner Straßenbahn (GBS) (Great Berlin Tram).
On 16 May 1881, the region of Berlin again wrote transport history. In the village of Groß-Lichterfelde, which was incorporated into Berlin-Steglitz 39 years later, Werner von Siemens opened the world's first electric tramway. Initially, the route was intended merely as a testing facility. Siemens named it an "elevated line taken down from its pillars and girders", because he wanted to build a network of electric elevated lines in Berlin. But the sceptical town council did not allow him to do this until 1902, when the first elevated line opened.
The electric tram in Groß-Lichterfelde was built in meter-gauge and ran from today's suburban station, East Lichterfelde, to the cadet school in the Zehlendorfer Straße (today Finckensteinallee). A single trip cost more than an average hourly wage. The route was refitted to standard gauge in October 1925.
The new development overran the old horse trams, causing the final horse tram to be shut down in 1910.
On 18 December 1899, it became possible to travel underground, even under the Spree River, upon completion of the Spreetunnel between Stralau and Treptow. Due to structural problems, it was closed on 15 February 1932. From 1916 to 1951, the tram had a second tunnel, the Lindentunnel running under the well-known boulevard Unter den Linden.
The history of tramway companies of the Berlin Straßenbahn is very complicated. Besides the private companies, which often changed due to takeovers, mergers, and bankruptcies, the cities of Berlin, Spandau, Köpenick, Rixdorf, the villages Steglitz, Mariendorf, Britz, Niederschönhausen, Friedrichshagen, Heiligensee and Französisch Buchholz, and the Kreis Teltow (Teltow county) had municipal tramway companies.
The most important private operating company was the Große Berliner Pferde-Eisenbahn (Great Berlin Horse Tramway), which called itself Große Berliner Straßenbahn (GBS) (Great Berlin Tramway) after starting the electrification. GBS acquired nearly all of the other companies throughout the years. In 1920, the GBS merged with the municipal companies BESTAG and SSB to become the Berliner Straßenbahn (Berlin Tramway), which was reorganized in 1929 into the newly-formed municipal Berliner Verkehrs-AG (BVG) (Berlin Transport Company). Besides the tramway, the BVG also took over the elevated and underground rail lines and the bus routes which were previously operated primarily by the Allgemeine Berliner Omnibus-Actien-Gesellschaft (ABOAG) (General Berlin Bus Company).
The following table includes all companies that operated tramways in today's Berlin before the formation of the BVG. The background color of each line marks the drive method which the respective company used to serve their lines at the time of the formation (blue = horse tram, yellow = steam tram, white = electric tram, red = benzole tram).
| First line opened | Operating company | Gauge (mm) | Takeover date | Taken over by | Special remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1865-06-22 | Berliner Pferde-Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft (BPfEG) | 1,435 | 1894-09-26 | BChS | first horse tram in Germany |
| 1871-11-01 | Westend-Terrain-Gesellschaft H. Quistorp & Co. | 1,435 | 1878 | BPfEG | |
| 1873-07-08 | Große Berliner Pferde-Eisenbahn (GBPfE) | 1,435 | 1898-01-25 | GBS | |
| 1877-01-01 | Neue Berliner Pferdebahn-Gesellschaft (NBPfG) | 1,435 | 1900-01-01 | GBS | |
| 1879-04-01 | Große Internationale Pferde-Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft (GIPfEG) | 1,435 | 1886 | GBPfE | founded already in March 1872 |
| 1881-05-16 | Elektrische Straßenbahn der Gemeinde Groß-Lichterfelde | 1,000 | 1895-03-04 | ESGLSS | world's first electric tramway |
| 1882-10-18 | Cöpenicker Pferde-Eisenbahn (CPE) | 1,435 | 1903 | SSC | |
| 1885-06-13 | Pferde-Eisenbahn der Gemeinde Rixdorf | 1,435 | 1887-01-01 | GBPfE | |
| 1886-05-05 | Davy, Donath & Co. | 1,435 | 1888-12-22 | BDK | |
| 1887-08-06 | Pferde-Eisenbahn der Gemeinde Mariendorf | 1,435 | 1888-01-01 | GBPfE | |
| 1888-05-18 | Wilmersdorf-Schmargendorfer Dampfstraßenbahn Reymer & Masch (WSD) | 1,435 | 1888-12-22 | BDK | |
| 1888-07-01 | Dampfstraßenbahn Groß-Lichterfelde - Seehof - Teltow | 1,435 | 1891-05-31 | DLSTS | |
| 1888-12-22 | Berliner Dampfstraßenbahn-Konsortium (BDK) | 1,435 | 1898-10-01 | WBV | also operated some horse trams |
| 1891-05-17 | Straßenbahn Friedrichshagen | 1,000 | 1906-12-16 | SSC | in 1894 taken over by the village, electrificated and regauged to standard gauge as of the takeover by SSC |
| 1891-05-31 | Dampfstraßenbahn Groß-Lichterfelde - Seehof - Teltow - Stahnsdorf | 1,435 | 1906-04-01 | TKb | |
| 1891-06-04 | Pferdebahn Tegeler Chaussee - Tegel | 1,435 | 1891-06-04 | GBPfE | |
| 1891-08-01 | Pferde-Eisenbahn der Gemeinde Britz | 1,435 | 1891-08-01 | GBPfE | |
| 1892-06-05 | Spandauer Straßenbahn Simmel, Matzky & Müller (SpS) | 1,000 | 1920-12-08 | Berliner Straßenbahn | on 1894-09-01 management taken over by Allgemeine Deutsche Kleinbahn-Gesellschaft (ADKG), electrification finished on 1896-03-18, from 1899-03-04 management by AEG, regauged to standard gauge on 1907-10-26, bought by the city of Spandau on 1909-07-01 |
| 1892-07-01 | Pferde-Eisenbahn der Gemeinde Niederschönhausen | 1,435 | 1892-07-01 | GBS | |
| 1894-09-26 | Berlin-Charlottenburger Straßenbahn (BChS) | 1,435 | 1919-05-15 | GBS | electrification finished on 1900-10-01 |
| 1895-03-04 | Elektrische Straßenbahnen Groß-Lichterfelde - Lankwitz - Steglitz - Südende (ESGLSS) | 1,000 | 1906-04-01 | TKb | |
| 1895-09-10 | Siemens & Halske | 1,435 | 1899-07-01 | BESTAG | |
| 1898-01-25 | Große Berliner Straßenbahn (GBS) | 1,435 | 1920-10-01 | Berliner Straßenbahn | electrification finished on 1902-12-15, bought by the Zweckverband Groß-Berlin on 1909-09-20 |
| 1898-10-01 | Westliche Berliner Vorortbahn (WBV) | 1,435 | 1919-05-15 | GBS | also operated some horse trams, electrification finished on 1900-06-19 |
| 1899-07-01 | Berliner Elektrische Straßenbahn-AG (BESTAG) | 1,435 | 1920-12-01 | Berliner Straßenbahn | |
| 1899-07-01 | Südliche Berliner Vorortbahn | 1,435 | 1919-05-15 | GBS | |
| 1899-10-21 | Straßenbahn Berlin-Hohenschönhausen | 1,435 | 1906-12-10 | NBSNO | |
| 1899-12-18 | Gesellschaft für den Bau von Untergrundbahnen (Straßenbahn Schlesischer Bahnhof - Treptow) (SST) | 1,435 | 1909-06-22 | Berliner Ostbahnen | opened the Spreetunnel |
| 1901-08-15 | Straßenbahn Niederschöneweide - Cöpenick (SNC) | 1,435 | 1909-06-22 | Berliner Ostbahnen | |
| 1901-10-01 | Gesellschaft für elektrische Hoch- und Untergrundbahnen in Berlin (tramway line Warschauer Brücke-Zentralviehhof) | 1,435 | 1928-04-01 | BSBG | on 1910-01-01 tram line was sold to SSB, instead of it opening of a new tram line from Warschauer Brücke to Scharnweber-/Gürtelstraße, later extended to Wagnerplatz (today Roedeliusplatz) in Lichtenberg |
| 1903 | Städtische Straßenbahn Cöpenick (SSC) | 1,435 | 1920-10-01 | GBS | |
| 1904-07 | Pferde-Eisenbahn der Gemeinde Französisch-Buchholz | 1,435 | 1907-12-19 | BESTAG | electrification as of takeover by BESTAG |
| 1905-12-03 | Straßenbahn der Gemeinde Steglitz | 1,435 | 1921-04-16 | Berliner Straßenbahn | |
| 1906-04-01 | Teltower Kreisbahnen (TKb) | 1,000/1,435 | 1921-04-16 | Berliner Straßenbahn | steam tram of DLSTS was electrificated on 1907-03-30 |
| 1906-12-10 | Neue Berliner Straßenbahn Nordost (NBSNO) | 1,435 | 1910-05-03 | NÖBV | |
| 1908-03-23 | Elektrische Straßenbahn Spandau-Nonnendamm | 1,435 | 1914-10-01 | SpS | founded by Siemens & Halske |
| 1908-07-01 | Städtische Straßenbahnen Berlin (SSB) | 1,435 | 1920-10-01 | Berliner Straßenbahn | |
| 1909-06-22 | Berliner Ostbahnen | 1,435 | 1920-05-01 | GBS | |
| 1910-05-03 | Nordöstliche Berliner Vorortbahn (NÖBV) | 1,435 | 1919-05-15 | GBS | |
| 1910-08-07 | Straßenbahn des Flugplatzes Johannisthal | 1,435 | 1910-10 | service suspended | last horse tram in Berlin |
| 1912-03-09 | Schmöckwitz-Grünauer Uferbahn | 1,435 | 1924-08 | Berliner Verkehrs-GmbH | electrification finished on 1912-07-23 |
| 1913-05-29 | Straßenbahn der Gemeinde Heiligensee an der Havel | 1,435 | 1920-10-01 | Berliner Straßenbahn | |
| 1920-10-01 | Berliner Straßenbahn | 1,000/1,435 | 1923-09-10 | BSBG | meter gauge routes are of former TKb |
| 1923-01-08 | Kleinbahn Spandau-West - Hennigsdorf | 1,435 | 1929-01-01 | BVG | electrification later by BVG |
| 1923-09-10 | Berliner Straßenbahn-Betriebs-GmbH (BSBG) | 1,000/1,435 | 1929-01-01 | BVG | meter gauge routes are of former TKb |
| 1924-08 | Berliner Verkehrs-GmbH | 1,435 | 1925-03-01 | BSBG |
On the day of its formation, the BVG had 89 tramway lines: a network of 634 kilometres in length, over 4,000 tramway cars, and more than 14,400 employees. An average tram car ran over 42,500 kilometers per year. The Berlin tramway had more than 929 million passengers in 1929, at which point, the BVG already had increased its service to 93 tramway lines.
In the early 1930s, the Berlin tramway network began to decline; after partial closing of the world's first electric tram in 1930, on 31 October 1934, the oldest tramway of Germany followed. The Charlottenburger Chaussee (today Straße des 17. Juni) was rebuilt by Nazi planners following a monumental East-West-Axis, and the tramway had to leave. In 1938, however, there were still 71 tramway lines, 2,800 tram cars and about 12,500 employees. Consequently, the bus network was extended during this time. Since 1933, Berlin also had trolley buses.
During World War II, some transport tasks were given back to the tramway to save oil. Thus an extensive transport of goods was established. Bombings (from March 1943 on) and the lack of personal and electricity caused the transport performance to decline. Due to the final fights for Berlin, the tramway system collapsed on 23 April 1945.
The BVG was—like most other Berlin institutions—split into two different companies on 1 August 1949. Two separate companies were installed, the BVG-West in the three western sections (with 36 tram lines) and the BVG-Ost (Berlin Public Transit Authority East) (with 13 lines) in the Soviet sector. The latter became in 1969 the VEB Kombinat Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe (BVB). On 14 October 1950, traffic on the lines from West Berlin to the Brandenburgian suburbs Kleinmachnow and Schönefeld stopped, and on 15 January 1953 traffic over the downtown sector border too.
From 1954 onwards, a shift took place in the public transit plans of West-Berlin. From that moment, plans aimed at discontinuing the tramway service, and replacing it with extended underground and bus lines. The tramway was considered old-fashioned and unnecessary, since Berlin already had a well-developed underground network. From 1954 to 1962 numerous tram lines were replaced with bus routes and extended underground lines and stops. By 1962, the western part of the city had only 18 tram lines left, out of the original 36.
On 2 October 1967 the last tramcar traveled through West-Berlin over the last line, which carried number 55 - from Zoo Station via Ernst-Reuter-Square, the City Hall in Charlottenburg, Jungfernheide S-Bahn station, Siemensdamm, Nonnendammallee, Falkenseer Platz, and Neuendorfer Allee to Spandau, Hakenfelde.
Today, many Metrobus lines follow the routes of former tram lines.
The separation of the city resulted in many problems and difficulties for the public transportation system. Tram lines could no longer travel through city centre as usual, and the main tram garage was moved to in Uferstraße in Western Berlin.
Soviet Moscow was, with its tram-free avenues, the role model for East-Berlin's transport planning. The car-oriented mentality of West Berlin did also settle in the East, as a lot of tram lines closed here as well in the 1950s and 1960s. In 1967, the lines through the city centre closed down, at the same time as the new city expansion on Alexanderplatz started to grow.
However, complete termination of the city's tram network was neither planned nor even discussed. In the late 1970s, some new tramway sections were built in order to connect the new housing estates Marzahn, Hohenschönhausen and finally Hellersdorf to the city's tram network.
The Berlin tram network is today the largest one in Germany, and, in spite of many cutbacks, one of the largest in the world.
Around Berlin there are some additional tram systems that do not belong to the BVG:
The last three companies are located in the eastern suburbs at the eastern edge of Berlin. Each of them has only one line.
BVG tramway net has 22 urban lines.[1] MetroTram uses also the symbol :
| Mitte, Am Kupfergraben ↔ Niederschönhausen, Schillerstraße / Rosenthal Nord | |
| S+U-Bhf. Alexanderplatz/Dircksenstraße ↔ Am Steinberg (- Heinersdorf) | |
| S-Bhf. Hackescher Markt ↔ Hohenschönhausen, Zingster Straße / Falkenberg | |
| S-Bhf. Hackescher Markt ↔ Hohenschönhausen, Zingster Straße | |
| (U-Bahnhof Schwartzkopffstraße -) Landsberger Allee/Petersburger Straße ↔ Hellersdorf, Riesaer Straße | |
| (U-Bahnhof Schwartzkopffstraße -) Landsberger Allee/Petersburger Straße ↔ Ahrensfelde | |
| S-Bhf. Nordbahnhof ↔ S+U-Bhf. Warschauer Straße | |
| Mitte, Am Kupfergraben ↔ Weißensee, Pasedagplatz | |
| Wedding, Virchow-Klinikum ↔ S+U-Bhf. Warschauer Straße | |
| S+U-Bhf. Frankfurter Allee ↔ Ahrensfelde | |
| (Falkenberg -) Gehrenseestraße ↔ S-Bhf. Schöneweide | |
| S+U-Bhf. Lichtenberg/Gudrunstraße ↔ Hellersdorf, Riesaer Straße | |
| S+U-Bhf. Lichtenberg/Gudrunstraße ↔ S-Bhf. Schöneweide | |
| Krankenhaus Köpenick ↔ Weißensee, Pasedagplatz | |
| Betriebshof Lichtenberg ↔ S-Bhf. Schöneweide | |
| (Wedding, Virchow-Klinikum -) Prenzlauer Berg, Björnsonstraße ↔ Französisch Buchholz, Guyotstraße | |
| S-Bhf. Adlershof ↔ Friedrichshagen, Altes Wasserwerk | |
| S-Bhf. Adlershof ↔ Rahnsdorf, Waldschänke | |
| Wendenschloß ↔ S-Bhf. Mahlsdorf | |
| S-Bhf. Köpenick ↔ Johannisthal, Haeckelstraße | |
| Krankenhaus Köpenick ↔ S-Bhf. Schöneweide | |
| S-Bhf. Köpenick ↔ Schmöckwitz |
The two tram lines 87 and 88 are not BVG, which run in the municipalities of Woltersdorf, Schöneiche and Rüdersdorf (in the Land of Brandenburg), due to the fact that are partly located in suburban areas of Berlin, i.e. Rahnsdorf and Friedrichshagen, are partly shown in BVG tramway maps and suddenly considered de facto part of Berliner Tramway Net.
Tram 68 was named by National Geographic Society as one of the 10 Great Streetcar routes along with:
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